Ports serve their hinterlands, and cargo is shipped by various modes of transportation to and from this hinterland. This land-based transport comes with a wide variety of negative effects on air quality, safety and noise. And although the hinterland transport usually does not fall under the responsibility of a port authority, it can be influenced indirectly as ports are the hubs where choices of modality can be influenced or coordinated. By defining the role of the port authority for hinterland transport (co-ordinator, promotor, facilitator) , and developing effective plans accordingly, the negative effects of this typen of transport can be influenced towards the most sustainable options. Instruments for influencing are; infrastructural connectivity to terminals, cost of infrastructure usage, taxation of energy sources and/or regulating use of infrastructure (transport of hazardous cargo). The port could also stimulate or participate in development of inland (dry) ports.